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Footnotes
and Endnotes: Setting or changing margins, numbers, font sizes,
tabs and other formatting in WordPerfect notes
Related macros:
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General tips |
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Footnotes and endnotes:
Changes (current document) to the overall note
style, such as the spacing between notes, numbering format, etc.
Changes (current document) to the note's internal
margins, fonts, justification or other "inside the note"
formatting
Permanent changes (all future documents)
Setting new note numbers
Hiding note numbers
Changing the font of the "CONTINUED"
message, and how to remove the message
Tips for using notes in master- and subdocuments
Endnotes only:
How to place endnotes at the end of each
chapter, subdocument, or other section (or any place you want
them), instead of at the very end of the document. How to combine
several files that contain endnotes |
Footnotes only:
Using characters in place of one or more footnote
numbers
Long footnotes: White space (pagination) problems,
and how to divide a footnote over several pages
Change the footnote separator line's color
Use two different footnote styles in a document
(e.g., with different margin settings)
How to format footnotes into two columns
Indenting all footnote text while leaving note
numbers at the margin
How to reference the same footnote in a document
from multiple body text locations (a/k/a "repeat" a
footnote)
How to simulate "inline" footnotes |
General tips
- In WordPerfect's inline Help (F1; Index tab)
look up the topic, "Format (in WP8)," or "Formatting"
(in WP9+). Under that Help heading, look for "footnotes
(or endnotes)." It contains some useful information.
- You can use both footnotes and endnotes in
the same document.
- Using both types of notes in the same document
might come in handy if you wish to use one for author's notes
that are intended to be removed (or copied) later. See NoteTools
for some macros that can process footnotes and endnotes.
- Exceptions:
- Footnotes in parallel columns:
- WordPerfect does not support creating footnotes
in parallel columns. (See Format, Columns on the main WordPerfect
menu.) Footnotes will be converted to endnotes if you try to
create footnotes in parallel olumns. However, footnotes can be
created in newspaper columns. You can change parallel
columns to newspaper columns by double-clicking the [Col Def]
code in Reveal Codes.]
- Footnotes in tables:
- If you try to create a footnote in a header
row of a table, you will find that the Footnote/Create option
is unavailable. You must use an endnote in that situation.
Reason: Since a header row might span several pages, a
footnote would not logically work in that situation, so WordPerfect
forces you to use an endnote.
- However, you can use footnotes in ordinary
non-header rows if you disable (un-tick) the option,
"Divide row across pages," in Table, Format, Row (tab)
for the row (or just right-click in the cell, then choose Format,
Row (tab), etc.). If this option is enabled, you will find
that the Footnote/Create option is unavailable, and you must
use an endnote in that situation -- and for the same reason
given above for header rows. [Thanks to Günther Juncker
for this tip.]
- Generally, when you first create a note the
note uses ("picks up" or inherits) the font and font
size of the default (or "initial") document style.
The font and other formatting codes for the default document
style are embedded in the [Open Style: DocumentStyle]
code at the top of the document, which can be seen in the Reveal
Codes window. If you want to force all notes to take on the document's
font, font size, etc., -- as you might need to do when you copy
a document with notes into your current document and the current
document has a different default style -- you can set new format
codes for the entire document, including all footnotes and endnotes,
with File, Document, Current
Document Style (which opens the Styles
Editor). The notes for that particular document then will take
on the font and other formatting of the new style setting. (If
you want the new settings to be used by all new documents based
on that document's template, enable the checkbox, "Use as
default," at the bottom of the Styles Editor dialog. Be
sure to un-check it before exiting WordPerfect to prevent unwanted
changes to the template.)
- Note that a footnote or endnote is itself
just another WordPerfect style (you'll
see them listed under Format>Styles, if they exist in the
document), so you can edit the existing footnote or endnote
style to suit your needs, overriding the document's default
settings (see previous paragraph). Thus, you can have the body
text and other structures have one style of text, and notes have
another style -- such as a smaller font than the body text.
- If you want to change the note's style there
are several questions to ask yourself first. For example:
- Is the style of the note's superscripted
number in the body of the document's text acceptable? For example,
do you want the number enclosed in parentheses, bolded, and/or
made relatively larger, etc.? You can change the style of the
note's number in the body text area of the document independently
of changes to the note's text at the bottom of the page or the
end of the document.
- What about the style or format of the note
itself? Do you want to use a smaller font in the note itself,
full justification, or insert a space between the note's number
and the note's text?
- Do you want to apply any changes you make
to the current document only, or to all future documents based
on the template? (If the latter, see the end of the second major
paragraph above.)
- Read through the remainder of this page.
There are some tips that may help you solve a footnote or endnote
problem.
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[Page top]
Changes (current
document) to the overall note style, such as the spacing between
notes, numbering format, etc.
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[Scroll up for more tips or go
to top]
[Be sure to read the General
Tips above.]
Tip
To make changes to the overall footnote or
endnote style for just the current document, you may first
have to go to the top of the document before all notes if you
want all notes affected by your changes. Otherwise, position
the cursor just before the note where you want the change to
take effect.
How to do it
- Click Insert, Footnote/Endnote;
- click on the type of note (Footnote or Endnote);
- click Options, Advanced. The Advanced Footnote
(or Endnote) Options dialog pops up, which allows you to make
changes to the note's style.
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Example 1
You can change various aspects of footnotes
and endnotes with the Advanced settings built into each style.
Click Inset, Footnote (or Endnote), Options, Advanced. You might
want more vertical spacing between notes, so set the "Space
between notes" option. You can edit the number's style as
it appears in either the body text area or in the note itself.
Explore these and other options with a "test" document
that has notes in it.
Example 2
You can change the Numbering Style in the
document itself with the "In Text" button, or
change the note's text formatting (margins, fonts, etc.) using
the "In Note" option.
In the former case ("In Text"),
you could change the relative size of the note's number in the
body text of your document: While in the footnote's Styles Editor
that pops up when you click "In Text," select
the [Footnote Num Disp] or [Endnote Num Disp] code with your
mouse and make it relatively larger with Format, Font, Relative
Size. If you are modifying the footnote style, the codes should
look like this in the Styles Editor:
[Superscript][Large][Footnote
Num Disp][Large][Superscript]
I prefer to have a space before and after
the number in body text, so I've added spaces to each end of
the above codes by simply pressing the <Spacebar> key.
In the latter case ("In Note")
for example, when the Styles Editor opens to allow editing the
note's style you could insert a space after the codes to produce
a space between the number and the content of the note itself.
This saves having to type in a space when creating each note,
if you prefer a space separator.
Use any of the items from the top menu of
the Styles Editor to change the note's style. You can also drag
codes out of the dialog window to delete them (or simply backspace
over them); however, be sure to retain the [Footnote Num Disp] code, since
this is what displays the number.
Notice that when you are in the Styles Editor
for the note itself (i.e., "In Note") you will see
that the first code inside the Styles Editor's Contents pane
is an [Open Style: DocumentStyle] code: This is the formatting code from the template
on which the current document is based. Don't delete it or edit
it. You can remove or add characters and codes after the
Open Style code to achieve a new format.
When you are done, press OK twice, then Close,
to return to your document. |
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[Page top]
Changes (current
document) to the note's internal margins, fonts, justification
or other "inside the note" formatting
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[Scroll up for more tips or go
to top]
[Be sure to read the General
Tips above.]
Either -
- Open Reveal Codes and click inside any
existing note;
- double-click the [Open Style: Footnote]
or [Open Style: Endnote] code at the beginning of the
note in the Reveal Codes window.
or -
- While inside the main document area
click Insert, Footnote/Endnote. With the radio button
enabled for the type of note (footnote or endnote), click the
Options button, then Advanced. When the Advanced...
dialog appears, click the In Note button.
Either method will bring up the Styles
Editor for the notes. Most
often this Styles Editor is useful for changing footnote
margins to the same margin settings that exist
in the document. Use the Styles Editor's menu and click Format,
Margins and set the left and/or right margins to match the body
text area's margins.
Note
Be aware that there is an [Open Style:
DocumentStyle] code inside the Contents pane of this Styles
Editor. Do not delete it or edit it, or you might loose formatting
inherited from the main document. Also do not delete the [Footnote Num Disp]
or [Endnote Num Disp] code, since this is what
provides the automatically incrementing number (or letter) in
the note itself.
Tip
Starting with WordPerfect
11, if you enable a checkbox option in the Insert, Footnote/Endnote
dialog ("Align with document margins") WordPerfect
will place a LftMar code in the footnote's (or endnote's) text.
This causes the note's text to align with the current
page's left margin; however, the note's number at the bottom
of the page will still be at the extreme left (the default location).
You might prefer setting the left margin for all notes
inside the Footnote (or Endnote) style code as explained in the
previous paragraphs. This places the number in alignment with
the left page margin.
You can also click the justification button on the
Styles Editor toolbar for fully justified footnote text, etc.
Note that you can set the font size for all footnote
or endnote text in the Styles Editor. You can even set the font
size to a fractional size (e.g., 10.5 points), but it is not obvious how to
do it: In the footnote's or endnote's Styles Editor, do not use
the font size drop list on the Editor's property bar. Instead,
use the Styles Editor's top menu by clicking Format, Font. The
Font Properties dialog appears. On the Font tab, type the fractional
size (e.g., 10.5) in the Size field, then click OK. This inserts
a [Font Size] code in the Editor's Contents pane, at the current
cursor location. [Thanks to Billvv on WordPerfect Universe for
this tip.]
Need to make your changes permanent? To make these changes the default for future documents,
see the next section.
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A typical problem:
There's a different font in the footnotes
than the font used in body text.
Q:
I would create a footnote in a document that was done in Times
New Roman, and the footnote without fail would be created in
Courier (the number in the document body was TNR, but at the
bottom of the page everything was in Courier). Any ideas on how
to fix this?
A: The
font of the footnote's text (and endnote text) is controlled
by the document's default font, which in your case appears to
be Courier. If you go to the top of the document, double-click
the [Open Style: Document Style] code in Reveal Codes. You should
see the document's default font in the Styles Editor -- probably
set to Courier. Also, somewhere at the top of the document itself,
you'll probably see a Times font code. The Times font applies
to the body text from that point forward, but "substructures"
such as footnotes, endnotes, headers, text boxes, comments, etc.,
will take their font from the default document style.
There are a couple of ways to solve this:
- Change WordPerfect's default document style
in the Styles Editor to Times New Roman (and if you wish this
to be the default for all new documents in the future,
check the box "Use as default"). The footnotes (or
endnotes) should now appear in TNR.
- Note: To
set new fonts or font sizes, I suggest you change the default
document style either by double-clicking the [Open Style: Document
Style] code in Reveal Codes, or with the menu selection, File,
Document, Current Document Style (not Default
Font, which only works if there are no existing font codes
in the Styles Editor).
- An alternative is to change only the notes'
font for the current document (as described above in this section):
With Reveal Codes open, click inside any note. Then double-click
the [Open Style: Footnote] or [Open Style: Endnote] code. This
will bring up the Styles Editor for the notes in the document.
Enter the font you want to use for the document's notes.
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Setting customized tabs (an example):
Here's an example requiring new tab settings
inside the footnote for the second and subsequent paragraphs
in a multi-paragraph footnote (see also the example below that
indents all the note paragraphs):
In the Corel WP10 newsgroup (April 2004) a
user posted the following:
"I want to set a tab within the footnote
style that would apply ONLY within footnotes (and that would
NOT change the indentation for the footnote's first line), in
order to indent a within-footnote paragraph's first line a lesser
distance than the footnote's opening line's indentation.
The reason for doing that is to make it obvious
to a quick reader that a paragraph within a footnote is not a
new footnote with its number missing. Ordinarily, this really
isn't necessary, but it helps when a long footnote is split across
pages, especially if the continued footnote happens to start
with a within-footnote new paragraph."
Wolfgang Deiminger replied with this technique:
"Open the Footnote Style in your document.
See if there is any Tabset code there. If so, delete it. Place
the cursor at the very beginning of the style codes. Then do
Format, Line, Tabset. In the dialogue, first delete all Tabs.
Then ckeck Interval, enter .25" in the interval field, click
Set, then click Set and Close. ... This takes you back to the
footnote style codes. Here you will see a Tab Left or Hard Tab
Left code. Add another Tab Left code there by pressing Ctrl+TAB
(Pressing TAB alone takes you to the next option in a dialogue).
Then OK out.
Now the first line of any footnote will be
indented by .5" [or whatever setting is used in the Current
Document Style], whereas pressing TAB at the beginning of a new
paragraph will indent the first line only by .25" (of course
you can use any distance you like). There is no change of Tab
settings in your main text."
One small caution:
Unlike WP8/9, inserting a new tab setting
in WP10/11/12 and possibly later version in the Styles Editor
with Format, Line, Tab Set also inserts two extra codes mmediately
following the newly inserted [Tab Set] code:
[Dot Lead Char][Dec/Align
Char]
These codes can be deleted before closing
the Styles Editor.
(This happens on my system, US language versions.
I don't kinow if it happens with other language versions of WP10/11/12.)
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[Page top]
Permanent changes
(all future documents)
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[Scroll up for more tips or go
to top]
[Be sure to read the General
Tips above.]
To make your changes apply to all future
documents, you can copy the newly modified note's style to the
default template. (For more information
about the default template, where it is and how to edit it, see
here. You could simply edit the
default template and create the new footnote or endnote style
there. However, it might be easier and less problematic to copy
the style into the default template, as described below.)
Step 1. Make
your changes to the appropriate footnote or endnote style as
explained in the sections above.
Step 2. Prepare
to copy the note's new style to the default template.
- Click Format, Styles. A Styles dialog
opens.
- Click the Options button and choose
Settings (in WordPerfect
9 and later versions) or Setup
(in WordPerfect 8 only).
- WP9 and later versions: In the Style Settings dialog, enable (i.e., tick)
both the checkbox "WordPerfect system
styles" and the radio button "WordPerfect heading
styles and all other system styles"; this option allows
displaying all styles in the previous Styles dialog. [WP8 only: In
the Style Setup dialog, click the "System" box to enable
it, then OK.]
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A note of caution about the
radio button, "Save new styles to ... Default
template," and how to use it:
If you enable (i.e., tick) the "Save
new styles to ... Default template" radio button
you won't have to manually copy the new note's style to the default
template (see Step 3 below), as long as you save the current
document after making your style modifications and after
enabling this button. If the document was saved after you
made style changes but before enabling this button --
and not saved again during the session -- then the changes will
apply to the current document only. [The button says to "Save
new styles..." when it probably should say to "Save
future styles..." (meaning "Save any styles
created after this radio button is enabled"). The latter
label would imply that you should enable the radio button of
your choice first, before making any new modifications
to the style.]
Reminder: If you enable "Save new styles to ... Default
template," it is a good idea to return this setting
to "Save new styles to ... Current document"
before modifying any other styles and (probably) before working
on new documents. This will prevent you from inadvertently
saving other new or modified styles to the default template (unless,
of course, you really want to do that).
At this point you have two choices of action
with the "Save new styles to..." buttons:
Choice 1. If
"Save new styles to ... Current document" is
still enabled (the dialog's default setting and probably the
appropriate choice for most users), proceed to Step #3 below.
Choice 2. If
you have enabled "Save new styles to ... Default template,"
future changes made after this button was enabled will
be saved to the default template when you save the current
document containing any such changes. You can stop here ... but again,
unless you want this to be your default choice for all future
style changes, remember to return this setting to "Save
new styles to ... Current document"; see the previous
paragraphs.
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Step 3. Copy
the note's new style to the default template.
- Click OK to go back to the Styles
dialog (in WP9+) or Style List (in WP8).
- From the "Available styles"
list, select (i.e., highlight) one of the styles you modified:
- Endn#inDoc (the Endnote numbers in the
body text area of the document)
- Endnote (the
Endnotes at the end of the document)
- Ftn#inDoc (the
Footnote numbers in the body text area of the document)
- Footnote (the
Footnotes at the bottom of various pages)
- Optional:
You can make further changes at this point by clicking Edit,
then OK when done to go back to the Style List or Styles
window.
- Click Options, Copy. Click the "Default
template" radio button, then OK.
- Repeat the select-and-copy operation for
any of the other note styles.
- Click Close to return to your document.
If you want to restore these modified
styles in the default template to their original state,
you can either (1) follow the above procedure and save a newer
version of the style that does not contain the custom modifications,
thereby replacing the modified style, or (2) edit the default
template and use the Options, Reset button to reset
the modified styles to their default state. |
[Page top]
Setting new
note numbers
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[Scroll up for more tips or go
to top]
To set new footnote or endnote numbers, place
your cursor anywhere before the point in the document's
text where you want the new numbering to take effect, then (on
the main WP menu) click Insert, Footnote/Endnote, Options, Set
Number. Select a new number, or click the radio button to increase
the next note's number by one. Click OK, then Close the box. |
[Page top]
Changing the
font of the "(continued...)" message, and how to remove
the message
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[Scroll up for more tips or go
to top]
Changing the font of the message
Here's a tip from Charles Rossiter (Corel
C_Tech):
"The font for the '(continued ...)' message
[which appears whenever footnotes spill over to the next page]
is the font active at the very top of the main text. If you have
a font set in your current document style, it uses that font.
So you could set a font in the current document style [File,
Document, Current Document Style], and immediately change the
font at the very top of the document."
Removing the message
Go to the top of the footnoted document and
click Insert, Footnote/Endnote and make sure the Footnote radio
button is selected. Then click Options, Advanced. Then uncheck
the "Insert (continued...) message" option. Click OK,
then Close.
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[Page top]
Hiding note
numbers
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[Scroll up for more tips or go
to top]
It is possible to have footnotes (or endnotes)
without displaying the note's number in the text or in
the note (or both).
For example, this might be useful if you want
to keep some explanatory text -- something less formal than a
footnote -- at the bottom of a page so that if the related body
text is moved, the explanation will move along with it.
Here's how to do it (based on a tip posted
by "Re~Silient" on the Corel WP10 newsgroup). Basically,
you color all note numbers white so they won't print.
In the text -
- Click Format, Styles, select Ftn#inDoc or
Endn#inDoc
- If the note style is not shown on the Style
List, click on Options, Setup, and check (i.e., enable) the box
to display System styles. DO NOT CHOOSE the option in this dialog
to save the modified style to the default template unless you
really want the changes to apply to all future documents based
on the default template.
- Click Edit.
- In the Styles Editor's Contents field, place
the cursor just in front of the [Footnote Num Disp]
or [Endnote Num Disp] code.
- Click Format, Font, then text color. Select
white, and click OK.
- Place the cursor just after the [Footnote Num Disp]
or [Endnote Num Disp] code.
- Click Format, Font, then text color. Select
black, and click OK.
- Click OK to exit the Styles Editor, then
Close. All note numbers in the body text are now colored white,
but the codes will still show in Reveal Codes.
In the note itself (in
Reveal Codes) -
- Double-click on the [Open Style] code at
the beginning of the note. This will open the Styles Editor for
the note's text.
- In the Styles Editor's Contents field, place
the cursor just in front of the [Footnote Num Disp]
or [Endnote Num Disp] code.
- Click Format, Font, then text color. Select
white, and click OK.
- Place the cursor just after the [Footnote Num Disp]
or [Endnote Num Disp] code.
- Click Format, Font, then text color. Select
black, and click OK.
- Click OK to exit the Styles Editor, then
Close. All note numbers in the note's text are now colored white,
but the codes will still show in Reveal Codes.
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[Page top]
Tips for
using notes in master- and subdocuments
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From Laura Acklen's tutorial Working
with Master Documents and Subdocuments:
"Footnotes and Endnotes
- Don't place footnote or endnote option codes
in the subdocuments. Place these codes only in the master document.
- In most cases, footnotes should be numbered
sequentially throughout a document. If you decide to restart
the numbering in each subdocument, however, you need to place
a footnote numbering code in an open style at the top of each
subdocument.
- You can place all endnotes at the end of
the document or at the end of each subdocument. For the former
method, insert an endnote placement code at the end of the master
document, and choose Insert Endnotes at Insertion Point in the
Endnote Placement dialog box. For the latter method, insert an
endnote placement code at the end of the subdocument, and choose
Insert Endnotes at Insertion Point and Restart Numbering in the
Endnote Placement dialog box...."
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[Page top]
Using characters
in place of one or more footnote numbers
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[Scroll up for more tips or go
to top]
A. Using characters in
place of ALL footnote numbers
If you want to use the same text character
(e.g., an asterisk) or symbol (e.g., inserted with Insert>Symbol)
for all footnotes instead of using incrementing numbers
or letters (the default method):
1. Click Insert>Footnote>Options>Advanced.
2. Set the Numbering Method to "Characters"
and enter an asterisk (*) or other text character(s) in the Characters
field. Click OK.
3. Click Create to start a new footnote, or
click Close to return to the document. The latter will still
insert the code ([Footnote Num Meth], visible in the
Reveal Codes window) that is needed to change footnote numbers
to your chosen text character or symbol.
If you have already created footnotes in the
current document, simply place your cursor to the left of the
footnote code where you want to start using characters (or at
the very top of the document), then follow the above steps, choosing
Close in Step 3.
Tips
- You might want to increase the size of the
characters. See the example in the TEMPORARY CHANGES section
above.
- If you want to replace existing footnote
numbers on each page (1,2,3, etc.) with a sequence of different
character symbols (asterisk, cross, double cross, etc.), you
can do it with a macro written by Roy "lemoto" Lewis.
Direct download: http://www.lemoto.myby.co.uk/download/FtNtStar.zip.
Open the macro for editing and enter your preferred symbols where
indicated.
B. Using characters in
place of SOME footnote numbers
Suppose you have a dozen footnotes and want
footnote #3 and footnote #10 to be preceded by an asterisk character
(*) and not a number, but you want all numbered footnotes
to retain their standard numerical sequence. In other words,
you want the document's footnote numbering to be changed from
this -
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12
to this -
1,2,*,3,4,5,6,7,8,*,9,10
Normally, changing from numbers to characters
in footnotes will change all remaining numbers to characters,
like this: 1,2,*,**,***, ****, etc.
However, there is a way to do it.
(Recommendations: Use this method after
you are finished creating/editing the document. Make a backup
of the document before beginning.
After you try the method so you understand
what is going on, you can use a macro to perform the steps for
you. Download FNN2Char.zip,
and be sure to view the information at the top of the macro's
code.)
1. In the body text, with the Reveal Codes
window open, place your cursor just to the left of the
[Footnote] code for footnote #3.
2. Click Insert>Footnote>Options>Advanced.
3. Set the Numbering Method to "Characters"
and enter an asterisk (*) in the Characters field. Click OK.
4. Back in the Footnote/Endnote dialog, click
Options>Set Number>New number.
5. Change the "number" (it will
show as asterisk characters) to a single asterisk by clicking
the small down ("spin") arrow to the right of the New
number field. (You cannot just delete the characters and add
a single asterisk; you must use the small down arrow button.)
Click OK, then Close (not Create).
6. Back in the body text, place your cursor
to the left of the next footnote (what was previously
footnote #4, but which now has two asterisks as the "number").
[Actually, you can place the cursor immediately
after (i.e., to the right of) the footnote code you just
changed to an asterisk character. This is what the above downloadable
macro does. The idea is to reset footnote numbering back
to a standard "Numbers" format from the new "Character"
footnote forward.]
7. Click Insert>Footnote>Options>Advanced.
8. Set the Numbering Method to "Numbers."
Click OK.
9 Back in the Footnote/Endnote dialog, click
Options>Set Number>New number, and change the number to
"3" (you will want the numbering to start with the
next number in the sequence: 1,2,*,3 ...).
10. Repeat Steps 1-9 for the next footnote
number to change, which at this point will have been renumbered
from #10 to #9 in the body text because you "removed"
a number (#3) from the sequence when you changed it to a character.
Tip:
You can use another macro, Jump2Txt,
that moves the cursor from inside a footnote (or an endnote)
to the note number's location in the body text area of the document,
and vice versa. This might make editing and changing footnote
formats a little easier.
Tip:
You might want to increase the size of the characters. See the
example in the TEMPORARY CHANGES section above.
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[Page top]
Long footnotes:
white space (pagination) problems, and how to divide a long footnote
over several pages
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[Scroll up for more tips or go
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Do you have one or more long footnotes that
seem to want to stay together on the same page and cause large,
empty areas on a page (or even blank pages) due to WordPerfect's
forcing its own pagination scheme?
This can happen even when you have set the
amount of footnotes to keep together on one page to a large amount
with Insert, Footnote/Endnote, Options, Advanced.
Here's a tip from Charles Rossiter (Corel
C_Tech) that might explain why this happens and what to do about
it:
"The final pagination in relation to
footnotes is dependent not just the current footnote, but also
on its neighbours.
For example, a long footnote anchored to text
in middle of page 5 (for example) could be expected to flow as
a continued footnote at the end of page 5, flowing to page 6.
But suppose the next footnote is anchored to text two lines further
down on page 5. What will happen?
WP will create the first footnote on page
5, flowing over to page 6. But WP will also try to place the
second footnote on page 5 -- but it cannot. So WP is forced to
paginate so that the second footnote number is on page 6, where
there is space available. Result: a forced page break just before
the second footnote number.
The resolution of this problem is a matter
of your creativity. Shorten footnote 1; re-format text to separate
the 2 footnotes; create a dummy footnote number in the text,
with a real, but hidden, footnote number on the next page --
and so on."
To these tips, "J.A.G." at WordPerfect
Universe added:
- Use endnotes.
- Make appendixes of your too long notes, and refer to them in
the footnotes ("See Appendix I, II, ..."). [You can
also use Tools, Reference, Cross Reference to automatically cross-reference
from a footnote reference to a specific Target page in the Appendix.]
Dividing footnotes
Think of a footnote as somewhat like a separate
document. If you need to break up a footnote across several pages,
place your cursor at the desired locations and press <Ctrl+Enter>
to insert a hard page break.
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[Page top]
Change the footnote
separator line's color
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Assume you want a gray (UK: grey) separator
line between body text and footnote. You can, of course, use
any color.
Here's a tip based on a newsgroup post by
Charles Rossiter:
[At this point you might want to locate your
cursor at the top of the document so that all footnote separator
styles change from that point forward. Otherwise, WordPerfect
will put a [Delay] code at the top of the document and delay
the onset of the new line style until it reaches the location
where the cursor is currently located.]
First, create a gray line style that the footnote
(and other features) can use:
- Click Format, Graphics styles;
- click the "Line" radio button.
- click on "Single"; Options; Copy;
and name the copy to be "Single Gray,"
- then click OK.
Next:
- Click on Single Gray; Edit; and click the
Color button to change the color to gray as required.
- Click OK, then Close.
Finally:
- Click on Insert; Footnote/Endnote; (be sure
the Footnote radio button is selected); Options; Separator; Line
Style. This gives a graphic display of line styles, and a drop-down
list of graphics styles. In the drop-down list, select the last
entry "Single Grey".
- Click OK, then Close.
Note: This procedure
puts a [Footnote Sep Ln] code in the document (or inside a [Delay]
code if you do not start on page 1). If you double-click on this
code in Reveal Codes, you have a quick method of changing the
line's spacing, format, and style. |
[Page top]
Use two different
footnote styles in the same document
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Assume you have a document where page 1 has
a large left margin, and page 2 and following pages have a normal
margin or one that differs from page 1 (resetting page margins
on page 2 is best done with a delay
code).
In overview, you need to create two, new footnote
styles and a small macro to employ them when needed in the document.
Create the styles. For this example let's
call them FootnotePg1 and FootnotePg2.
First, create a typical document that you
plan to use these new footnotes in, and be sure it contains at
least one footnote so that the Footnote style appears in Format,
Styles. Be sure your cursor is not inside the footnote.
For "FootnotePg1":
Step 1.
- Click on Footnote in the styles list to choose
it;
- click Options, Copy, Current document.
- (If your style comes out OK, you can repeat
the process later and use "Default template" so it
can be used in all new, blank documents. Or see here
for methods of saving custom styles to templates.)
- Give the style a name (e.g., FootnotePg1)
in the Styles Duplicate dialog that pops up.
- Click OK. You should see the new style listed
in the Available styles list.
Step 2.
- Click on the new style's name in the list,
then click Edit.
- Use the Styles Editor's Format menu to set
a new left margin, and then delete the tab code (optional). Be
sure to leave the three codes that superscript the footnote number.
Remove (drag out) any stray [Paper Sz] code that might have been
inserted.
- Click OK.
For "FootnotePg2":
Repeat Step 1, using the different name. If
you want to use non-default margins for page 2+, repeat step
2.
Click Close to exit the Styles dialog.
Now, create this macro in your default macros
folder:
FootnoteCreate
DeleteCharPrevious
If(?Page=1)
StyleOn("FootnotePg1")
Else
StyleOn("FootnotePg2")
Endif
Return
The macro inserts a footnote on the current
page. If it is page 1, it will create the footnote using the
FootnotePg1 style. If it is any other page, it will create the
footnote using the FootnotePg2 style. Note that these styles
must already exist in the document (or the template on which
the document is based).
Once created on your system, the macro can
be accessed from a menu, toolbar button, and/or shortcut key:
See here. |
[Page top]
How to format
footnotes into two columns
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To prevent misunderstanding, let me explain
further:
The topic here is not about using footnotes
in body text that has been formatted into one or more columns
of text with Format, Columns. Rather, this topic describes a method of producing footnotes
where each footnote is split into two columns inside the
footnote itself. The body text on these
pages might be formatted as a single column (or no column formatting
at all) or it might be formatted in multiple newspaper columns.
[N.B.: WordPerfect does not support creating
footnotes in parallel columns. Footnotes will be converted
to endnotes if you try to create footnotes in parallel olumns.
However, footnotes can be created in newspaper columns.
You can change parallel columns to newspaper columns by double-clicking
the [Col Def] code in Reveal Codes.]
The following is based on the author's reply
to a post
on WordPerfect Universe. It is a bit time consuming since
it is not an automatic method, but it gets the job done.
|
Firrst, make a copy of your document, then
convert all footnotes in it to "plain text" endnotes
in a separate document with my Note2Txt
macro.
[In the first menu dialog that appears when
you play the Note2Txt macro, choose "Footnotes" and
"Separate document." In the second menu dialog, format
the notes to your preferences (perhaps use just superscripted
numbers without a "terminator" but with a space after
the number). In the third dialog that appears (after you click
Convert Notes), choose the second option -- "Number notes
where they were in the original document."]
You should now have two documents: the original
with note numbers in plain text in the body text area instead
of [Footnote] codes, and a separate "notes" document
containing all notes in plain text.
Go to the first page that has note numbers
on it, and take note of which notes should appear at the bottom
of the page. Then go to the separate "notes" document
and select the notes that should be on that first page in the
main document. While text is selected, click Insert, Text box
to insert the selected notes into a text box. (You can remove
the border later.)
Select the note material inside the text box
and set any desired font, font size, etc.
Change the notes to two columns: Place the cursor at the top of the note material
inside the box, before the first note's number, and click Insert,
Columns to change the material to two-column format; choose "Balanced
newspaper" columns if desired. (The box size might change;
you can resize the box later.)
Click outside this box to get out of the box's
edit mode, then right-click on the box and choose "Select
box" from the context menu that appears. Press <Ctrl+C>
to copy the box to the Windows clipboard.
Go to the first page with the notes, and paste
(<Ctrl+V> ) the text box anywhere on the page. Right-click
on it and select Position, Attach box to: Page, and set a Vertical
Box Position of "0" inches from Bottom Margin. Enable
the checkbox, "Box stays on page." (The Horizontal
Position should probably be Center of Margins.) Click OK.
To remove the border from the text box, right-click
the text box and choose Border/Fill, choose the "empty"
icon to set the border style to "no line" style, then
click OK.
To resize the box, right-click the text box
and choose Size, then set the Width to Full.
Go to the next page with note numbers on it
and repeat the text box creation procedure for those specific
notes, copy the box, paste it, etc.
Since you have converted footnotes to endnotes,
then inserted a text box on the previous page, you probably will
need to be careful when examining the document to ensure that
the new "boxed" notes end up on their proper pages.
Tip: You can
add hard returns prior to the [Col Def] codes in the footnotes
to add spacing between the footnotes and the body text. |
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[Page top]
Indenting
all footnote text while leaving note numbers at the margin
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Here's a tip based on a post on WordPerfect
Universe (here)
that puts the footnote numbers flush against the left margin
and automatically indents all subsequent footnote text
paragraphs one tab stop inward from the margin:
The effect is made more apparent with multiple
paragraphs in a footnote: They all will line up under the first
paragraph, not at the left margin, like this:
Note that you can apply this formatting to
just the current document or you can save it as a default footnote
style (see above).
Assuming your document page's left margin
is set to 1.0" and your first tab stop is set at 1.25"
--
- Step 1. Click
inside an existing footnote to place the cursor in the footnote's
text area. In Reveal Codes, double-click on the [Open Style:
Footnote] code; this opens the Styles Editor dialog. Note that
the very first code inside the Styles Editor's Contents pane
is another [Open Style] code: This is the formatting code from
the template on which the current document is based. In the next
steps you will remove or add codes after the [Open Style]
code to achieve the new format.
- Step 2. With
the cursor just to the right of the [Open Style] code in the
Contents pane (if it is not in that position, click there with
your mouse), remove any [Hd Left Tab] code with the <Delete>
key. This code is typically inserted to cause the footnote text
to start one tab stop after the note's number. This same effect
will be accomplished below.
- Step 3. Go
to the menu at the top of the Styles Editor dialog and click
Format, Margins. In the new dialog that appears, increase the
left page margin to 1.25" (and the right page margin if
necessary to match the main document's right page margin). This
setting makes footnote text start at the same tab stop
that you use in the main document (in this example, at 1.25").
- Step 4. Exit
from the footnote and open a new, blank document. Click on Format,
Line, Tab Set from the main WordPerfect menu and manually set
the "Tab position" to -0.25" (i.e., minus 0.25
inch) from the left margin, and set it to Repeat every 0.25".
Click Set, then Close to return to the (otherwise blank) document.
(Tip: You can also set tabs every 0.25" with the
TabSet25 macro in the
Library.)
- At this point you can test the effect achieved
by the new tab setting by immediately entering a hard back tab
with <Shift+Tab>. The cursor should move outside the left
margin by 0.25". Note that the [Tab Set] code will not
show this new setting in Reveal Codes, but it is there nonetheless.
- Step 5. In
Reveal Codes, carefully select just the resulting [Tab Set] code,
copy it (<Ctrl+C>), and paste it (<Ctrl+V>) into
the footnote's Styles Editor in the document that contains
your footnotes by editing the footnote as described above
in Step 1. The new code should be pasted immediately after the
[Lft Mar: 1.25"] code. (See the code sequence at the end
of these instructions, below.)
- Step 6. Click
on Format, Paragraph, Back Tab on the Styles Editor menu. This
will insert a [Hd BackTab] code in the Contents pane, just to
the right of the [Lft Mar: 1.25"] and [Tab Set]
codes. This back tab setting moves the footnote number
back to the left margin.
- Step 7. Move
the cursor past the [Footnote Num Disp] code and past
any formatting codes surrounding it (the default is a pair of
[Suprscpt] codes). Click on Format, Paragraph, Indent. This will
insert a [Hd Lft Indent] code. This setting ensures all
footnote paragraphs will be indented one tab stop (here, 0.25")
from the left margin.
- The resulting codes should look something
like this in the Contents pane (and they should be in this order):
- [Open Style: DocumentStyle]
[Left Mar: 1.25"] [Tab Set: (Rel)...]
[Hd Back Tab] [SuprScpt] [Footnote Num Disp] [SuprScpt]
[Hd Left Ind]
- Step 8. Click
OK to return to the document.
All footnotes should now have numbers flush
with the main document's left margin (due to the new tab setting
and the new back tab code), and all footnote text -- particularly
multiple paragraphs in any footnote -- will be indented one tab
stop (due to the new left margin and hard left indent codes). |
[Page top]
How to reference the same footnote in a document from
multiple body text locations (a/k/a "repeat" a footnote)
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A WordPerfect footnote is made up of two
parts:
(1) the footnote number in the body text area
of the document -- also called the footnote reference
-- and
(2) the footnote itself, at the bottom of
the text on that page.
Repeating a footnote number elsewhere in the
text so that you have more than one "pointer" to a
given footnote is often requested by users.
Unfortunately, using WordPerfect's automatic
footnote feature you can't have two identical footnote references
(i.e., duplicate [Footnote] number codes) in the body text of
the same document ... but you can cross-reference an
existing footnote more than once, either from one or more
locations in the body text area (thereby simulating a
duplicate note number with a cross reference number), or from
inside other footnote text (i.e., use a normal footnote but one
whose text at the bottom of the page contains a cross reference
to another footnote).
With a little fiddling you can even make the
numbers appear much like a normal superscripted footnote number,
as described in the Tips section below.
Here's how to do it. [Note that menu choices
below refer to the <WordPerfect> menu, not the <Microsoft
Word> menu. Right-click on the top menu bar to see what menu
is active.]
Step 1 - Mark the "target" footnote.
Go to the existing footnote you
wish to reference (i.e., click inside
the footnote itself, usually at the beginning of the note's text).
Then click on Tools, Reference, Cross Reference to open the Reference Tools dialog (Cross Reference
tab). See Fig. 1.
This dialog can be dragged aside using its
title bar as the "grab" point.
(a) Make sure the Reference Type field is
set to "Footnote" so that the reference will use the
footnote's actual number.
(b) Enter a unique target name (e.g.
"footnote2" or "crossref_b" or whatever you
fancy), in the Select Target field.
(c) Click the [Mark Target] button to
insert the new [Target] code, which will now be visible in Reveal
Codes, as shown in Fig. 1a.
Step 2. Add a reference.
Go to (click in) the document location(s)
where you want to add the reference to the same footnote -- it can even be inside another footnote -- and
add some reference text such as "see footnote "
as shown in the Fig. 2 example below.
This step is not mandatory. You could add
just the reference number in the document -- Step 3 does this
-- if you don't need any reference text to help point to the
footnote. But most likely you will want to offer a brief guide
to the reader that points to the same footnote they might have
already read, rather than simply add a duplicate (and solitary)
footnote number.
The number that will follow this reference
text (see next Step) is the "source," or pointer, to
the footnote itself, which is called the "target" below.
When you are done with the steps below it will perform the same
duty as a footnote number in the body text. It will display something
like "see footnote 2" or, if you don't use any reference text in the body
text area, it will just display the footnote number.
The number will, like all default cross references,
show up in blue underline because it is now a hyperlink;
see the Tips section below for how to change this.
Step 3. Mark the reference.
Open the Reference Tools dialog if it is
not already open (it can be dragged
aside using its title bar as the "grab" point) and
go to the reference in the body text area.
Click in the document to place your cursor after the word "footnote" (or whatever
word or phrase you used as a text pointer in Step 2, if indeed
you used one).
In the Reference Tools dialog make sure the
Reference Type and Selected Target fields still display the items
you want to reference, then click the [Mark] button (not
the [Mark Target] button) to insert the cross reference mark.
See Fig. 3.
A "?" will appear next to
the reference text: "see
footnote ?" See Fig. 3a.
Step 4. Connect the reference to the footnote.
Generate the document to establish the connection.
See Fig. 4.
Notice that a [Ref Footnote] code will
be seen in Reveal Codes. See Fig. 4a.
In the document, the "?"
will change to the footnote number. The reference will now appear
as "see footnote 2" in our example. See Fig. 4b.
Notes
- This Generate-the-document step can be done
anytime to refresh all reference links, including Lists, Indexes,
Tables of Contents, etc.
- When you click the Generate button a small
dialog will pop up asking whether to save subdocuments
and/or build hyperlinks. Most users can simply click OK.
Those who are using subdocuments
might wish to either save or not save them, depending on their
needs.
- Note that the Auto generate option
at the bottom of the Reference Tools dialog is not enabled in
the example above. Some users have found that if it is left enabled
one or more irritations or problems can occur, such as: a reminder
message will pop up each time the document is saved or printed
and has not been re-generated; the cursor can unexpectantly move
to the bottom of the screen; selected text might not be printed;
and printing can sometimes be slowed.
Step 5.
Click Close on the Reference Tools dialog
to return to the document.
Tips
- Notice that a cross reference is hyperlinked and is set in the same font type and size as the
text at that location. This is the way cross references work.
Hence, it will not look like a normal superscripted
footnote number in your text.
- However, it can be selected and superscripted
(with Format, Font, Position), but the hyperlink (with underline)
will remain since this (Hypertext) is a standard WordPerfect
style.
- You can remove the blue color and underline
from hyperlinks by editing the Hypertext style in Format,
Styles and removing the [color] and [Und] codes from the style.
(You will only see this style in that Available Styles list if
one or more hyperlinks already exists in the document.)
- But be aware that this will remove the
color and underlining for all cross references in the
current document, including those used for page numbers
in any Table of Contents and/or Index in that document. Other documents will not be affected unless you deliberately
save the edited style to a template or other document.
- Therefore, always work on a backup document
when making such edits, since the edited style will persist with
that document. (You could, of course, add the codes back into
the style for that document, but this is a small pain to do.)
- You can add hyperlinks to standard footnote
numbers, too. This might be useful
when publishing the document as a PDF document. See the LinkNotes
macro.
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[Page top]
How to simulate
"inline" footnotes
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Footnotes are "substructures" (think: small containers) and as such they are controlled
by their own internal format. On the page, this produces one
footnote below the next one, like stacking containers vertically.
Some publications require "inline"
(or "same line") footnotes
that would appear like the image below, at the bottom of the
page. (Note numbers are in red to make them easier to see in this example.)
Note that this is not the same as citing
several different sources (divided by semicolons) in a
given footnote. That can be done in any footnote. Here, we wish
to create several different footnotes one after the other.
However, you cannot "glue" normal
footnotes together on the same line, like the example above.
WordPerfect's built-in footnote feature won't allow it ... but
you can simulate such inline notes with text inside a
borderless text box, as was done above. Creating the box can
be done manually or, to make this process easier, you can use
the macro below. Then you only need to enter the superscripted
footnote reference number in the body text, and a corresponding
number and related text in the footnote (i.e., the text box).
This method would most likely replace using
the normal footnote feature (Insert, Footnote/Endnote) in the
document. Therefore, it is best done
on the final draft.
Tip: You can
convert normal footnotes to a separate document, then paste them
into the inline footnote text boxes. Use the Note2Txt
macro, and choose the "Renumber notes where they were
in the original document" option (which appears after notes
have been converted). This option places an ordinary superscripted
text number at the original footnote reference location in the
body text. Following the conversion, you can play the inline
footnote simulator macro (below) on any page with such numbers,
then paste the appropriate footnotes from the separate document
created by Note2Txt. This way, footnotes that are too long can
be edited to shorten them, or perhaps they can be split (manually)
between two text boxes. it will be up to you to decide.
Instructions and Comments
This macro should work in WP9 and later versions.
Play it to produce a borderless text box at
the bottom of the current page. The box will have a 2" horizontal
line as a "footnote separator."
You can edit the box by clicking in it to
add your own text. (Some sample text is used in the macro in
the Type() command, but this can be deleted from the code.)
As you enter text into the box, it will expand
vertically but stay on the same page. When done, click outside
the box to return to the document.
Be sure to play it just ONCE per PAGE, otherwise,
multiple boxes will overlap.
The box is positioned between current page
margins and is anchored to the page. Body text will flow around
the box, but be aware that the information in the box that you
type into it might not pertain to the current page if lots of
text is added or deleted
to either the box or the body text.
HENCE, it is best to use this macro during
when the final draft is done, and to FREQUENTLY SAVE the document
with a different name, perhaps numbering the new documents as
you save them: See MultiSav
for help with this.
To copy the following macro code into your
program see here.
To download the compiled macro
(InlineFN.zip), click here.
// Macro begins here
// Inline footnote simulator.wcm
// (c) 2009 by Barry MacDonnell
If (VersionInfo (WordPerfectVersion!;
FileMajorVersion!) < 9)
MessageBox (;"Sorry...";
"This
macro is for WordPerfect 9 and later versions")
Return
EndIf
If(?DocBlank)
MessageBox (;"Sorry...";
"This
macro cannot be played in an empty document")
Return
Endif
// Exit from any substructure:
pExitSubstructures ()
// Get and store some document
information:
PosPageTop
vLM=MarginLeft()
vRM=MarginRight()
vLMpos:=?PaperWidth-(?PaperWidth-vLM)
vRMpos:=?PaperWidth-vRM
vBoxWidth:=vRMpos-vLMpos
// Create the text box:
BoxCreate(TextBox!)
// Edit its contents:
BoxContentEdit
// Add a hard return before the horizontal line:
HardReturn
// Create a footnote separator line:
GraphicsLineCreate
GraphicsLineType (Horizontal!)
GraphicsLineStyle (SingleLine!)
GraphicsLineLength (2.0")
GraphicsLineHorizontalPosition (Set!; 0.0")
GraphicsLineVerticalPosition (Set!; 0.167")
GraphicsLineEnd (Save!)
// Add a hard return after the horizontal line:
HardReturn
// Add text attributes and change relative size of text,
// if desired; DELETE
this command if not needed:
AttributeRelativeSizeToggle(Small!)
// Type some sample text into
the box;
// DELETE this command
if not needed:
Type("SAMPLE: 1. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. 2. Ut enim
ad minim.")
// Exit from the box's content
editing dialog -
SubstructureExit ()
// Set the size of box, border, position on page, etc. -
BoxWidth (vBoxWidth)
BoxHeight (AutoHeight!)
BoxBorder(NoBorder!)
BoxFill (FillStyleName: NoFill!)
BoxAttachTo (Anchor: Page!)
BoxStaysOnPage (State: Yes!) // Keep it on the page
BoxOverlap (State: Yes!) // Overlap any other boxes
BoxHorizontalAlignment (AlignMargins!;FullAlign!)
DefaultUnits(WPUnits!) // Use WP units in next command
BoxHorizontalPosition(vLMpos)
BoxVerticalAlignment(Bottom!)
BoxTextFlow(NeitherSide!)
// Update changes and exit from box -
BoxUpdateDisplay ()
BoxEnd (State: Save!)
// Exit from macro:
pExitSubstructures ()
Return
// - - - Procedures, routines,
etc., here:
// Exit from any header, footer, footnote, endnote, text box,
etc.:
Procedure pExitSubstructures ()
While (?Substructure)
vSubDoc:=?CurrentSubDoc
SubstructureExit
If (vSubDoc=10 or vSubDoc=11)
BoxEnd (Save!)
EndIf
EndWhile
vImageType:=?BoxContentType
If(vImageType=3) BoxEnd (Save!) Endif
EndProc
// Macro ends
|
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Barry MacDonnell's